The Maxillofacial Center for Diagnostics & Research

Leukoplakia of the Head & Neck

Bibliography, Abstracts & Select Reviews

                             

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Erythroplakia  Epithelial Dysplasia   Smokeless Tobacco Keratosis Oral Cancer

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Definition: Leukoplakia is the clinical diagnostic term used to describe a white keratotic patch on the oral or pharyngeal mucosa which cannot be given another diagnostic name, i.e. it is a diagnosis of exclusion.  Once a biopsy is performed the term may still be used but should be modified to included the presence or absence of atypical or dysplastic epithelial cells.  The lesion is a precancer, i.e. it carries a higher than normal risk of malignant transformation.

Leukoplakia of the Head & Neck Region

Table of Contents:

The Classics (early literature of oral leukoplakia)
Clinicopathologic studies of oral leukoplakia
Epidemiologic studies of oral leukoplakia
Etiology of oral leukoplakia
Biological behavior (follow-up studies of oral leukoplakia)
Laryngeal keratosis (leukoplakia of the larynx)

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The Classics

Schwimmer E. Die idiopathischen Schleimhautplauques der Mundhohle (Leukoplakia buccalis). Arch Dermat Syph 1877; 9:611-570.

Paget J. Cancer following ichthyosis of the tongue. Trans Clin Soc Lond 1870; 3:88.

Prinz H. Leukoplakia oris -- a clinical study. Dent Cosmos 1928; 70:663-672.

King H, Hamilton CM. Leukoplakia buccalis -- a study of 80 cases. South Med J 1931; 24:380-391.

Sturgis SH, Lund CC. Leukoplakia buccalis and keratosis labialis. NEJM 1934; 210:996-1006.

Hobaek A. Leukoplakia oris. Acta Odont Scand 1946; 7:61-91.

Leonardelli GB, Talamazzi F. Leucoplasie del caro orale e precancerosi. Nota I. Arch Ital Otol 1950; 61:107-114.

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Clinicopathologic Studies and Reviews

Pindborg JJ, Renstrup G, Poulsen HE, Silverman S Jr. Studies in oral leukoplakias. V. Clinical and histological signs of malignancy. Acta Odont Scand 1963; 21:407-414.

Einhorn J, Wersall J. Incidence of oral carcinoma in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. Cancer 1967; 20:2189-2193.

Pindborg JJ, Jolst O, Renstrup G, Roed-Petersen B. Studies in oral leukoplakia. J Amer Dent Assoc 1968; 76:767-771.

Roed-Petersen B. Cancer development in oral leukoplakia: follow-up of 331 patients. J Dent Res 1971; 50:711.

Waldron CA, Shafer WG. Leukoplakia revisted: a clinicopathologic study of 3256 oral leukoplakias. Cancer 1975; 36:1386-1392.

Pindborg JJ. Oral cancer and precancer. Bristol: John Wright and Sons, Ltd, 1980.

Banoczy J. Oral leukoplakia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.

Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S Jr. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985; 60:285-298.

Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ. Oral pathology; clinical-pathologic correlations. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989:92-93.

Bouquot JE. Reviewing oral leukoplakia-clinical concepts for the 1990s. J Amer Dent Assoc 1991; 122:80-82.

Hogewind WFC. Oral leukoplakia in a dutch population; a clinical study. Thesis. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, 1990:1-175.

Bouquot JE, Whitaker SB. Oral leukoplakia--rationale for diagnosis and prognosis of its clinical subtypes or "phases". Quint Internat 1994; 25:133-140.

Bouquot JE. Leukoplakia and erythroplakia: a review and update. Pract Perio Aesth Dent 1994; 6:1-10.

Kahn MA, Dockter ME, Hermann-Petrin JM. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Four cases with flow cytometry analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78:469-475.

Murrah VA, Batsakis JG. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and verrucous hyperplasia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994; 103:660-663.

Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995: 284-288.

Axell T, Pindborg JJ, Smith CJ, et al. Oral white lesions with special reference to precancerous and tobacco-related lesions; conclusions of an international symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden, May 18-21, 1994. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25:49-54.

Speight PM, Farthing PM, Bouquot JE. The pathology of oral cancer and precancer. Curr Diag Path 1997; 3:165-167.

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Epidemiologic Studies

Bouquot JE. An Epidemiologic Evaluation of Oral Carcinoma, Premalignant Epithelial Dysplasia and Nonspecific Clinical Keratoses in an Adult Minnesota Population of 23,616. Master's Thesis, University of Minnesota Graduate School, 1974, pp 1-96.

Axell T. A prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Swedish population. Odont Revy 27 (suppl 26):1-103, 1976.

WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Precancerous Lesions. Definitions of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978; 46:518-539.

Bouquot JE, Gorlin RJ. Leukoplakia, lichen planus and other oral keratoses in 23,616 white Americans over the age of 35 years. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986; 61:373-381.

Axell T. Occurrence of leukoplakia and some other oral white lesions among 20333 adult Swedish people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987; 15:46-51.

Bouquot JE. Epidemiology. In: Gnepp, D.G.: Pathology of the head and neck. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1987:263-314.

Bouquot J, Weiland L, Ballard D, Kurland L. Leukoplakia of the mouth and pharynx in Rochester, MN, 1935-1984; incidence, clinical features and follow-up of 463 patients from a relatively unbiased patient pool. J Oral Path 1988; 17:436. (abstract)

Bouquot JE, Weiland LH, Kurland LT. Leukoplakia and carcinoma in situ synchronously associated with invasive oral/pharyngeal carcinoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1984. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 65:199-207.Greenspan JS, Greenspan D. Oral hairy leukoplakia: diagnosis and management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989; 67:396-403.

Hogewind WFC. Oral leukoplakia in a dutch population; a clinical study. Thesis. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, 1990:1-175.

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Etiology

Roed-Petersen B. Effect on oral leukoplakia of reducing or ceasing tobacco smoking. Acta Dermato-Venereol 1982; 62:164-167.

Krogh P, Homstrup P, Thorn JJ, et al. Yeast species and biotypes associated with oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987; 63:48-54.

McCance DJ, Kopan R, Fuchs E, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 alters human epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:7169-7173.

Greer RO, Eversole LR. Leukoplakia, verruciform hyperkeratosis, verrucous carcinoma, and squamous carcinoma associated with human papillomavirus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989; 68:598.

Kashima, H.K., Kutcher, M., Kessis, T., et al. Human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma, leukoplakia, lichen planus, and clinically normal epithelium of the oral cavity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99:55-61.

Rossie KM, Guggenheimer J. Thermally induced 'nicotine' stomatitis: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990; 70:597-599.

Bouquot JE, Glover ED, Schroeder KL. Leukoplakia and smokeless tobacco keratosis are two separate precancers. In: Varma, A.D. (ed). Oral oncology. Dehli: MacMillan India, Ltd, 1991 (vol 2):67-69.

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Biological Behavior (Follow-up Studies)

Einhorn J, Wersall J. Incidence of oral carcinoma in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. Cancer 1967; 20:2189-2193.

Pindborg JJ, Jolst O, Renstrup G, Roed-Petersen B. Studies in oral leukoplakia. J Amer Dent Assoc 1968; 76:767-771.

Roed-Petersen B. Cancer development in oral leukoplakia: follow-up of 331 patients. J Dent Res 1971; 50:711.

Banoczy, J. Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia. J Max Fac Surg 1977; 5:69- 75.

Maerker R, Burkhardt A. Klinik oraler Leukoplakien und Prakanzerosen. Retrospektive Studie an 200 Patienten. Dtsch Z Mund Kiefer GesichtsChir 1978; 2:206-211.

Roed-Petersen B. Effect on oral leukoplakia of reducing or ceasing tobacco smoking. Acta Dermato-Venereol 1982; 62:164-167.

Silverman S, Gorsky M, Lozada F. Oral leukoplakia and malignant transformation. A follow-up study of 257 patients. Cancer 1984; 53:563-568.

Bouquot JE, Glover ED, Schroeder KL. Leukoplakia and smokeless tobacco keratosis are two separate precancers. In: Varma, A.D. (ed). Oral oncology. Dehli: MacMillan India, Ltd, 1991 (vol 2):67-69.

Bouquot JE, Gundlach KKH. A new staging protocol for oral leukoplakia. Presented at the annual meeting of the German Association of Plastic Surgeons in Frankfort, Germany; July, 1992.

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Laryngeal Keratosis (Leukoplakia)

Bouquot JE, Gnepp DR. Laryngeal precancer--a review of the literature, commentary and comparison with oral leukoplakia. Head Neck 1991; 13: 488-497.

Bouquot JE, Kurland LT, Weiland LH. Laryngeal keratosis and carcinoma in the Rochester, MN, population, 1935-1984. Cancer Detect Prevent 1991; 15:83-91.

Velasco JRR, Nieto CS, de Bustos CP, et al. Premalignant lesions of the larynx; pathological prognostic factors. J Otolaryngol 1987; 16:367-370.

Hojslet PE, Moesgaard Nielsen V, Palvio D. Premalignant lesions of the larynx. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1989; 107:150-155.

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